Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation

This article aims to calculate, analyse and compare the optimal powertrain sizing solutions for a long-haul plug-in series hybrid coach running on diesel hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) using co-design optimisation approach for: (1) lowering lifetime carbon footprint; (2) minimising total cost of ownership (TCO); (3) finding right compromise between environmental impact economic feasibility two fuel cases. The current vehicle use case derived from EU H2020 LONGRUN project features electrical auxiliary loads 100 km zero urban emission range requiring considerable battery size, which makes its low footprint cost-effective crucial challenge. Changing objective overall minimisation or switching energy source renewable HVO could also significantly affect dimensions. uses particle swarm in outer loop while management is implemented an adaptive equivalent consumption strategy (A-ECMS). Usage over offered approximately 62% reduction around 12.5% increase costs across all solutions. For such unconventional topology, economy-focused solution neither achieved lowest nor costs. In comparison, CO2?cost balanced resulted reductions close single objective-focused (5.7% against 5.9% CO2 solution, 7.7% 7.9% TCO HVO) with lowered other side targets (CO2 5.7% 4.9% found TCO-focused 4.4% CO2-focused solution).